Methods and systems for limiting supply bounce

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for limiting power supply and ground bounce enables control of the output current drive dependent on the changes in supply (VDD and GND) levels. This is made possible by making the gate drive of the output driver PMOS and NMOS dependent on the VDD and GND swings. When the VDD or GND increases above normal operating levels, the gate drive of the output driver PMOS is reduced and when the GND or VDD reduces below normal operating levels, the gate drive of the output driver NMOS is reduced. This leads to reduced current flow between the supplies and the pad thereby reducing the VDD and GND bounce problem.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/357,847, filed Feb. 21, 2002, titled “Methods and Systems for Limiting Supply Bounce,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention is directed to methods and systems for limiting supply bounce, such as power supply and/or ground bounce.

[0004] 2. Background Art

[0005] There is a trend towards increasing the number of digital I/O pads on integrated circuits (“ICs”) to increase the integrated functionality and the number of bits of data processed. When multiple digital I/O pads switch simultaneously, currents in supply (power supply and/or ground) lines associated with the digital I/O pads tend to vary with time. Such transient current changes interact with supply line inductances to cause excursions in supply voltages. Thus supply (power supply and/or ground) voltages may oscillate above and/or below normal levels. This is called supply bounce or VDD/GND bounce. The increase of positive power supplies above normal operating levels and the decrease of ground below normal operating levels leads to relatively large amounts of current flow between the power supplies and pads. This limits the number of output pads which can simultaneously switch at any given time.

[0006] Methods and systems are therefore needed to limit supply bounce.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention is directed to methods and systems for limiting supply (power supply and/or ground) bounce. The invention enables control of output current drive dependent on changes in supply levels.

[0008] In accordance with the invention, gate drives of output drivers (e.g, PMOS and/or NMOS output drivers) are varied according to supply swings. For example, when a power supply, VDD, or a ground supply, GND, voltage increases above normal operating levels, the gate drive of a PMOS output driver is reduced. When a ground supply, GND, or VDD power supply voltage falls below normal operating levels, the gate drive of an NMOS output driver is reduced. This leads to reduced current flow between the supplies and the pad, thereby reducing supply bounce.

[0009] Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Such embodiments are presented herein for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

[0010] The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawing in which an element first appears is typically indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number.

[0011]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example output circuit 100 for limiting supply bounce in accordance with the invention.

[0012]FIG. 2 is another schematic diagram of the example output circuit 100, including capacitor stacks that protect circuit elements from supply voltages, in accordance with the invention.

[0013]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an example output circuit 300 for limiting conduction between positive and negative output power supplies, in accordance with the invention.

[0014]FIG. 4 is an example process flowchart 400 for limiting supply bounce in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015]FIG. 1 illustrates a VDD and falling edge output circuit (“output circuit”) 100 in accordance with the present invention. The output circuit 100 includes a rising edge portion 102 and a falling edge portion 104. The rising edge portion 102 and the falling edge portion 104 can be implemented together as illustrated in FIG. 1, or independent of one another. Rising edge portion 102 is now described.

[0016] Rising edge portion 102 includes primary buffer circuitry 106 and a primary output driver 108. In the example of FIG. 1, the primary buffer circuitry 106 includes an inverter formed by a PMOS device 114 and an NMOS device 116. The primary buffer circuitry 106 receives an input waveform 110 from an input terminal 112 and outputs a primary output driver waveform 118 on a primary output driver control line 120. The primary output driver waveform 118 is an inverted representation of the input waveform 110.

[0017] The primary output driver waveform 118 is received by the primary output driver 108. In the example of FIG. 1, the primary output driver 108 includes one or more PMOS driver devices 122 and one or more optional PMOS protection devices 124. The one or more optional PMOS protection devices 124 have gate terminals coupled to a relatively low supply, illustrated here as VDDC or ground, and are thus constantly turned on. This couples drain terminals of the PMOS driver devices 122 to the output terminal 126 via a common bus 128.

[0018] The primary output line 120 from the primary buffer circuitry 106 controls gate terminals of the PMOS driver devices 122. In operation, as the input waveform 110 rises, the primary output driver waveform 118 falls, which controls the PMOS driver devices 122 to couple a positive supply VDD to the output terminal 126. In other words, the rising edge portion 102 causes rising edges of the input waveform 110 to appear at the output terminal 126.

[0019] An analogous portion of the falling edge portion 104 is now described. The falling edge portion 104 includes primary buffer circuitry 160 and a primary output driver 162. The primary buffer circuitry 160 is configured similar to the primary buffer circuitry 106. The primary output driver 162 is configured similar to the primary output driver 108, but is coupled between a ground supply, GND, and the output terminal 126 via the common bus 128. In operation, as the input waveform 110 b falls, the primary buffer circuitry 162 controls the primary output driver 160 to pull-down the output terminal 126. In other words, the falling edge portion 104 causes falling edges of the input waveform 110 b to appear at the output terminal 126.

[0020] Under ideal conditions, the above described portions of the rising edge portion 102 and the falling edge portion 104 are satisfactory for driving the output terminal 126. In many applications, however, the positive supply voltage VDD and/or the ground, GND, are used to supply other output circuits as well. As switching circuits coupled to the supply lines switch on and/or off around the same time that the primary output driver 108 and/or the primary output driver 162 switches on and/or off, the current drawn from the positive supply VDD and/or drawn by the ground GND, can change relatively sharply with time. This transient change of current interacts with inductances in the supply lines, leading to relatively large excursions in supply voltage, i.e., VDD and/or GND. In other words, as additional output circuits are coupled to the VDD supply, the VDD supply voltage may oscillate above normal levels. This is called VDD bounce. Similarly, as additional output circuits are coupled to the GND supply, the GND level may oscillate below normal levels. This is called GND bounce.

[0021] The increase of VDD above normal operating levels and/or the decrease of GND below normal operating levels can lead to relatively large amounts of current flow between the output pads, such as output terminal 126, and the VDD power supply and/or GND. This can transfer noise to load circuits coupled to the output terminal 126, which can have unpredictable affects on the load circuits. In extreme cases, this can also damage components of the output circuit 100 and/or load circuit coupled to the output terminal 126. The present invention provides methods and systems for reducing current flow to the output terminal 126 when transients occur at the VDD and/or GND supplies. This tends to reduce the voltage transients that are otherwise generated by the changing current flow in the supply lines.

[0022] Another problem in conventional circuits is simultaneous conduction (conduction overlap), between PMOS and NMOS. For example, PMOS may not be fully turned-off when NMOS turns on, and vice-versa. This conduction can cause changes in VDD and GND voltage levels. The present invention provides methods and systems for reducing current flow from VDD to GND.

[0023] In accordance with the invention, one or more supplemental output drivers and associated buffer circuits are provided, which, under normal operating conditions, operate similar to the primary buffer circuits 106 and 160 and the primary output drivers 108 and 162. In other words, the primary and supplemental output drivers and associated buffer circuits are designed to provide a desired current to the output terminal 126 under normal operating conditions. Sensing and control circuitry is provided to increasingly disable one or more of the supplemental output drivers when transients are sensed at a supply (e.g., VDD and/or GND). This reduces the current sourced by or to the supplies.

[0024] In the example of FIG. 1, the rising edge portion 102 includes supplemental output driver 134, illustrated here with three sub-sections 134 a-134 c, and corresponding supplemental buffer circuitry 132 a-132 c. Similarly, the falling edge portion 104 includes supplemental output driver 164, illustrated here with three sub-sections 164 a-164 c, and corresponding supplemental buffer circuitry 166 a-166 c.

[0025] Supplemental output drivers 134 a-c and supplemental buffer circuitry 132 a-c operate substantially similar to the primary output driver 108 and primary buffer circuitry 106, respectively. Supplemental output drivers 164 a-c and supplemental buffer circuitry 166 a-c operate substantially similar to primary output driver 162 and primary buffer circuitry 160, respectively. Thus, under normal operating conditions, when primary output driver 108 sources current to the output terminal, supplemental output driver 134 also sources current to the output terminal 126. Similarly, when primary output driver 162 draws current from the output terminal, supplemental output driver 164 also draws current from the output terminal 126.

[0026] In accordance with the invention, sensing and control circuitry is provided to increasingly disable one or more of the supplemental output drivers 134 and/or 164 when transients are sensed at a corresponding supply (e.g., VDD and/or GND). This reduces the current sourced by or to the supplies.

[0027] The sensing and control circuitry senses voltage changes with respect to time (dV/dt) at one or more supplies (e.g., VDD and/or GND). For example, in FIG. 1, the rising edge portion 102 includes sensing and control circuits 130 a-130 c. Similarly, the falling edge portion 104 includes sensing and control circuits 168 a-168 c. The sensing and control circuits 130 a-130 c and 168 a-168 c include capacitances CVDD3, 2, and 1, and CGND 3, 2, and 1, respectively. Capacitances CVDD3, 2, and 1 are coupled to the VDD supply. Capacitances CGND 3, 2, and 1 are coupled to the GND supply. The capacitances CVDD3, 2, and 1, and CGND 3, 2, and 1 sense voltage changes with respect to time at their respective supplies. This is now described at a high level for the rising edge portion 102.

[0028] When the VDD voltage increases over time (positive dVDD/dt), current flows across the capacitances CVDD3, 2, and 1. The current depends upon the dVDD/dt and the value of the capacitances CVDD3, 2, and 1. The current is used to control the gate-drive applied to PMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 134 a-134 c. When the dVDD/dt is small, only a few of the PMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 134 a-134 c are disabled. As the dVDD/dt increases, more of the PMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 134 a-134 c are disabled. Thus, the current sourced from the VDD supply to a load connected to the output terminal 126 is limited when the VDD swings above normal operating levels. This reduced transient current through the VDD lines reduces noise that otherwise could be transferred to other I/Os and circuits connected to the VDD line.

[0029] In the GND bounce portion 104, when the GND level decreases with time (dV_GND/dt), current flows across capacitances CGND 3,2, and 1. The current depends upon the dV_GND/dt and the value of the capacitances CGND 3, 2, and 1. The current is used to control the gate-drive applied to NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 164 a-164 c. When the dV_GND/dt is small, only a few of the NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 164 a-164 c are disabled through their gate drive. As the dV_GND/dt increases, more of the NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 164 a-164 c are disabled. Thus, the current sinked into the GND supply from a load coupled to the output terminal 126 is limited when the GND swings below normal operating levels. This reduced transient current through the GND lines reduces the noise that could otherwise be transferred to other I/O's and circuits connected to this GND line.

[0030] The CVDD and CGND capacitances can be implemented in a variety of ways including, without limitation, MOS capacitors, and Metal-OxideMetal capacitors. For I/O circuits that use PMOS and NMOS whose gate-oxides cannot withstand the supply voltage, if MOS gate-oxide capacitors are being used, stacks of MOS gate-oxide capacitors with the intermediate potential being fixed at a relatively quiet intermediate supply can be used as shown in FIG. 2.

[0031] Referring back to FIG. 1, the sensing and control circuitry are preferably designed with different thresholds so an increasing number of supplemental drivers are disabled as the supply voltage increasingly strays from its normal level. Alternatively, the supplemental output drivers are designed with different thresholds.

[0032] Operation of the sensing and control circuits is now described in detail with reference to sensing and control circuit 130 a. Sensing circuits 130 b and 130 c operate in a similar fashion but preferably at different thresholds.

[0033] The sensing and control circuit 130 a effectively enables or disables the supplemental buffer circuitry 132 a. The supplemental buffer circuitry 132 a receives the input waveform 110, inverts it, and outputs an output waveform 152 on an output line 154. The output waveform 152 on the output line 154 controls the supplemental output driver section 134 a. More specifically, as the input waveform 110 rises, the output waveform 152 falls, which increasingly turns on the PMOS device 156 within the supplemental output driver section 134 a. The sensing and control circuit 130 a increasingly disables the supplemental buffer circuitry 132 a by increasingly coupling the output line 154 to a relatively high potential, illustrated here as VDD, through a PMOS device 146. Operation of the sensing and control circuit 130 a is now described.

[0034] In the sensing and control circuit 130 a, the capacitance CVDD3 is implemented with a PMOS device 136 having source and drain terminal coupled to one another at a node 138. A gate terminal of the PMOS device 136 is coupled to the VDD supply. The node 138 is coupled to a relatively low potential, illustrated here as VDDC, through a resistance 150. In operation, when VDD is at it's normal steady state, little or no current flows through the capacitance CVDD3, and thus little or no current flows through the resistance 150. As a result, the node 138 is at the low potential of VDDC. When, however, VDD increases with respect to time (dVVD/dt), current flows through the PMOS device 136, through the resistance 150, to the relatively low potential VDDC. When the current flows through the resistance 150, a positive voltage is generated at the node 138.

[0035] The node 138 is coupled to an inverter formed by an NMOS device 140 and a PMOS device 142. The node 138 controls gate terminals of the NMOS device 140 and the PMOS device 142. In operation, when the node 138 is low, which is the case when VDD is at steady state, the NMOS device 140 is off and the PMOS device 142 is on. This couples a node 144 to VDD through the PMOS device 142. In other words, when the node 138 is low, as is the case when VDD is at steady state, the node 144 is high. As the voltage at the node 138 increases, it increasingly turns on the NMOS device 140 and increasingly turns off the PMOS device 142. As the NMOS device 140 turns on, it couples the relatively low potential VDDC to the node 144. As the PMOS device 142 turns off, it isolates the node 144 from VDD. Thus, as the voltage at the node 138 increases, as is the case when VDD rises, the voltage at the node 144 decreases.

[0036] The node 144 is coupled to gate terminals of a PMOS device 146 and an NMOS device 148. When the node 144 is high, as is the case when VDD is at steady state, the PMOS device 146 is turned off. This isolates the output line 154 from VDD and the PMOS device 146 is turned off. Furthermore, when the node 144 is high, the NMOS device 148 is on, which couples a drain terminal of an NMOS device within the supplemental buffer circuit 132 a to ground. This allows the supplemental buffer circuit 132 a to operate as an inverter, controlling the output line 154 that controls the supplemental output driver 134 a. In other words, when the VDD is at steady state, the node 138 is low, the node 144 is high, and the sensing and control circuitry 130 a does not disable the supplemental output driver 134 a.

[0037] As the voltage at the node 144 decreases, the NMOS device 148 increasingly turns off, which increasingly isolates the buffer circuitry 132 a from the relatively low VDDC. This prevents the buffer circuitry 132 a from inverting a high input waveform 110 and outputting it on the output line 154. Furthermore, as the node 144 decreases, the PMOS device 146 increasingly turns on, which increasingly couples VDD to the output line 154. This increasingly turns off the supplemental output driver 134 a. In other words, as VDD increases, the sensing and control circuit 130 a increasingly disables the supplemental output driver 134 a. This limits the current sourced to the output terminal 126 during the transient. The capacitance CVDD3 and the resistance 150 are selected to provide an appropriate threshold for disabling the supplemental output driver 134 a.

[0038] The sensing and control circuits 132 b and 132 c operate in a similar fashion, but preferably with different thresholds. The sensing and control circuits 168 a-168 c also operate in a similar fashion, taking into account that the supply is GND rather than VDD. Thus, when GND is at steady state, the sensing and control circuits 168 a-168 c do not disable the supplemental output drivers 164 a-164 c. When, however, the GND falls below the normal level, one or more of the sensing and control circuits 168 a-168 c increasingly disable one or more of the supplemental output drivers 164 a-168 c. For example, in the sensing and control circuit 168 a, when the GND supply falls below its normal state, current is drawn through the capacitance CGND3. This draws a voltage level at a node 170 down from its normal state of VDD. As the voltage at the node 170 falls, the voltage at a node 172 increases. This increasingly turns on an NMOS device 174, which increasingly couples an output line 176 to the low potential of VSSC. This increasingly turns off NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver 164 a, thus reducing the output drive current.

[0039]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an example output circuit 300 for limiting conduction between positive and negative output power supplies, in accordance with the invention. In the example of FIG. 3, a rising edge portion 302 includes supplemental output driver 334, illustrated here with three sub-sections 334 a-334 c, and corresponding supplemental buffer circuitry 332 a-332 c. Similarly, the falling edge portion 304 includes supplemental output driver 364, illustrated here with three sub-sections 364 a-364 c, and corresponding supplemental buffer circuitry 366 a-366 c.

[0040] Supplemental output drivers 334 a-c and supplemental buffer circuitry 332 a-c operate substantially similar to the primary output driver 308 and primary buffer circuitry 306, respectively. Supplemental output drivers 364 a-c and supplemental buffer circuitry 366 a-c operate substantially similar to primary output driver 362 and primary buffer circuitry 360, respectively. Thus, under normal operating conditions, when primary output driver 308 sources current to the output terminal, supplemental output driver 334 also sources current to the output terminal 326. Similarly, when primary output driver 362 draws current from the output terminal, supplemental output driver 364 also draws current from the output terminal 326.

[0041] In accordance with the invention, sensing and control circuitry is provided to increasingly disable one or more of the supplemental output drivers 334 and/or 364 when transients are sensed at a corresponding supply (e.g., VDD and/or GND). This reduces the current sourced by or to the supplies.

[0042] The sensing and control circuitry senses voltage changes with respect to time (dV/dt) at one or more supplies (e.g., VDD and/or GND). For example, in FIG. 3, the rising edge portion 302 includes sensing and control circuits 330 a-330 c. Similarly, the falling edge portion 304 includes sensing and control circuits 368 a-368 c. The sensing and control circuits 330 a-330 c and 368 a-368 c include capacitances CGND3, 2, and 1, and CVDD 3, 2, and 1, respectively. Capacitances CVDD3, 2, and 1 are coupled to the VDD supply. Capacitances CGND 3, 2, and 1 are coupled to the GND supply. The capacitances CVDD3, 2, and 1, and CGND 3, 2, and 1 sense voltage changes with respect to time at their respective supplies. This is now described at a high level for the rising edge portion 102.

[0043] When current production occurs from VDDO to GND, the VDDO supply drops (negative dVDD/dt) and the GND voltage increases (positive dGND/dt). When the GND voltage increases over time (positive dGND/dt), current flows across the capacitances CGND3, 2, and 1. The current depends upon the dGND/dt and the value of the capacitances CGND3, 2, and 1. The current is used to control the gate-drive applied to PMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 334 a-334 c. When the dGND/dt is small, only a few of the PMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 334 a-334 c are disabled. As the dGND/dt increases, more of the PMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 334 a-334 c are disabled. Thus, the current sourced from the VDD supply to GND is limited when the GND swings above normal operating levels. This reduced transient current from VDD to GND reduces noise that otherwise could be transferred to other I/Os and circuits connected to the VDD line and GND lines.

[0044] In the portion 304, when the VDD level decreases with time (dVDD/dt), current flows across capacitances CVDD 3, 2, and 1. The current depends upon the dVDD/dt and the value of the capacitances CVDD 3, 2, and 1. The current is used to control the gate-drive applied to NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 364 a-364 c. When the dVDD/dt is small, only a few of the NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 364 a-364 c are disabled through their gate drive. As the magnitude of dVDD/dt increases, more of the NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver sub-sections 364 a-364 c are disabled. Thus, the current sinked from the VDD supply to GND is limited when the VDD swings below normal operating levels. This reduced transient current from VDD to GND lines reduces the noise that could otherwise be transferred to other I/O's and circuits connected to the VDD and GND lines.

[0045] The CVDD and CGND capacitances can be implemented in a variety of ways including, without limitation, MOS capacitors, and Metal-OxideMetal capacitors. For I/O circuits that use PMOS and NMOS whose gate-oxides cannot withstand the supply voltage, if MOS gate-oxide capacitors are being used, stacks of MOS gate-oxide capacitors with the intermediate potential being fixed at a relatively quiet intermediate supply can be used.

[0046] Referring back to FIG. 3, the sensing and control circuitry are preferably designed with different thresholds so an increasing number of supplemental drivers are disabled as the supply voltage increasingly strays from its normal level. Alternatively, the supplemental output drivers are designed with different thresholds.

[0047] Operation of the sensing and control circuits is now described in detail with reference to sensing and control circuit 330 a. Sensing circuits 330 b and 330 c operate in a similar fashion but preferably at different thresholds.

[0048] The sensing and control circuit 330 a effectively enables or disables the supplemental buffer circuitry 332 a. The supplemental buffer circuitry 332 a receives the input waveform 310, inverts it, and outputs an output waveform 352 on an output line 354. The output waveform 352 on the output line 354 controls the supplemental output driver section 334 a. More specifically, as the input waveform 310 rises, the output waveform 352 falls, which increasingly turns on the PMOS device 356 within the supplemental output driver section 334 a. The sensing and control circuit 330 a increasingly disables the supplemental buffer circuitry 332 a by increasingly coupling the output line 354 to a relatively high potential, illustrated here as VDD, through a PMOS device 346. Operation of the sensing and control circuit 330 a is now described.

[0049] In the sensing and control circuit 330 a, the capacitance CGND3 is implemented with a PMOS device 336 having source and drain terminal coupled to one another at a node 338. A gate terminal of the PMOS device 336 is coupled to the GND supply. The node 338 is coupled to a relatively low potential, illustrated here as VDDC, through a resistance 350. In operation, when GND is at it's normal steady state, little or no current flows through the capacitance CGND3, and thus little or no current flows through the resistance 350. As a result, the node 338 is at the low potential of VDDC. When, however, GND increases with respect to time (dGND/dt), current flows through the PMOS device 336, through the resistance 350, to the relatively low potential VDDC. When the current flows through the resistance 350, a positive voltage is generated at the node 338.

[0050] The node 338 is coupled to an inverter formed by an NMOS device 340 and a PMOS device 342. The node 338 controls gate terminals of the NMOS device 340 and the PMOS device 342. In operation, when the node 338 is low, which is the case when VDD is at steady state, the NMOS device 340 is off and the PMOS device 342 is on. This couples a node 344 to VDD through the PMOS device 342. In other words, when the node 338 is low, as is the case when VDD is at steady state, the node 344 is high. As the voltage at the node 338 increases, it increasingly turns on the NMOS device 340 and increasingly turns off the PMOS device 342. As the NMOS device 340 turns on, it couples the relatively low potential VDDC to the node 344. As the PMOS device 342 turns off, it isolates the node 344 from VDD. Thus, as the voltage at the node 338 increases, as is the case when VDD rises, the voltage at the node 344 decreases.

[0051] The node 344 is coupled to gate terminals of a PMOS device 346 and an NMOS device 348. When the node 344 is high, as is the case when GND is at steady state, the PMOS device 346 is turned off. This isolates the output line 354 from VDD and the PMOS device 346 is turned off. Furthermore, when the node 344 is high, the NMOS device 348 is on, which couples a drain terminal of an NMOS device within the supplemental buffer circuit 332 a to ground. This allows the supplemental buffer circuit 332 a to operate as an inverter, controlling the output line 354 that controls the supplemental output driver 334 a. In other words, when the GND is at steady state, the node 338 is low, the node 344 is high, and the sensing and control circuitry 330 a does not disable the supplemental output driver 334 a.

[0052] As the voltage at the node 344 decreases, the NMOS device 348 increasingly turns off, which increasingly isolates the buffer circuitry 332 a from the relatively low VDDC. This prevents the buffer circuitry 332 a from inverting a high input waveform 310 and outputting it on the output line 354. Furthermore, as the node 344 decreases, the PMOS device 346 increasingly turns on, which increasingly couples VDD to the output line 354. This increasingly turns off the supplemental output driver 334 a. In other words, as GND increases, the sensing and control circuit 330 a increasingly disables the supplemental output driver 334 a. This limits the current sourced from VDD to GND during the transient. The capacitance CGND3 and the resistance 350 are selected to provide an appropriate threshold for disabling the supplemental output driver 334 a.

[0053] The sensing and control circuits 332 b and 332 c operate in a similar fashion, but preferably with different thresholds. The sensing and control circuits 368 a-368 c also operate in a similar fashion, taking into account that the sensed supply is VDD rather than GND. Thus, when VDD is at steady state, the sensing and control circuits 368 a-368 c do not disable the supplemental output drivers 364 a-364 c. When, however, the VDD falls below the normal level, one or more of the sensing and control circuits 368 a-368 c increasingly disable one or more of the supplemental output drivers 364 a-368 c. For example, in the sensing and control circuit 368 a, when the VDD supply falls below its normal state, current is drawn through the capacitance CVDD3. This draws a voltage level at a node 370 down from its normal state of VDD. As the voltage at the node 370 falls, the voltage at a node 372 increases. This increasingly turns on an NMOS device 374, which increasingly couples an output line 376 to the low potential of VSSC. This increasingly turns off NMOS devices within the supplemental output driver 364 a, thus reducing the output drive current.

[0054]FIG. 4 illustrates a process flowchart 400 in accordance with an aspect of the invention. The process flowchart 400 is described with reference to the example output circuit 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The process flowchart 400 is not, however, limited to the example output circuit 100 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Based on the description herein, one skilled in the relevant art(s) will understand that the process flowchart 400 can be implemented with other circuits as well. Such other implementations are within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0055] The process begins at step 402, which includes, receiving a waveform. In the example of FIG. 1, the waveform is received at the input terminals 112.

[0056] Step 404 includes selectively coupling one or more supply outputs to an output terminal in response to the received waveform, using a plurality of output drivers, thereby outputting an output waveform that is substantially similar to the received waveform. The one or more supply outputs include a positive voltage supply output and/or a ground supply output, and the output drivers include a plurality of PMOS output drivers and a plurality of NMOS output drivers. The PMOS output drivers include source and drain terminals that are coupled between the positive voltage supply and the output terminal. The NMOS output drivers include source and drain terminals that are coupled between the ground supply and the output terminal. In this embodiment, step 404 includes selectively providing rising-edge and falling-edge output current drive to the output terminal in response to the received waveform using the PMOS output drivers and the NMOS output drivers, respectively. In the example of FIG. 1, the rising edge output drivers 134 and the falling edge output drivers 164 output a waveform 128 at the output terminal 126.

[0057] Step 406 includes sensing for transients at the one or more of the supply outputs. Step 406 can be performed by, for example, sensing for voltage changes with respect to time at the one or more supply outputs. This is illustrated in the example of FIG. 1 by the rising edge sensing and control circuitry 130 and the falling edge sensing and control circuitry 168.

[0058] Step 408 includes increasingly disabling at least a portion of the output drivers when transients, or voltage changes with respect to time, are sensed at the one or more supply outputs. In the example of FIG. 1, the sensing and control circuitry 130 a-c are preferably implemented with different thresholds so that each sensing and control circuitry 130 a-c increasingly disables a corresponding output driver 134 a-c at different transient levels. Similarly, the sensing and control circuitry 168 a-c are preferably implemented with different thresholds so that each sensing and control circuitry 168 a-c increasingly disables a corresponding output driver 164 a-c at different transient levels. This reduces the current in the supply lines, which tends to reduce the sensed transients that are caused by switching induced currents in the supply lines.

[0059] The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that these functional building blocks can be implemented by discrete components, monolithic integrated circuits, and the like or any combination thereof.

[0060] When used herein, the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” are generally used to refer to electrical connections. Such electrical connections can be direct electrical connections with no intervening components, and/or indirect electrical connections through one or more components.

[0061] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An output circuit, comprising: an input terminal; an output terminal; a plurality of buffer circuits including inputs coupled to said input terminal; a plurality of output drivers, each output driver including; a control terminal coupled to an output of a corresponding one of said buffer circuits, a second terminal coupled to said supply output through a supply line, a third terminal coupled to said output terminal, and wherein said plurality of output drivers selectively couple said supply output to said output terminal under control of said plurality of buffer circuits; and a plurality of sensing and control circuits, each sensing and control circuit coupled to said supply output and to a corresponding one of at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers, each sensing and control circuit including; sensing circuitry that senses voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output, and control circuitry that increasingly disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each said sensing circuitry comprises a series-connected capacitance and resistance coupled to said supply output, wherein said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output generate a current through said series-connected capacitance and resistance, and whereby said current through said resistance generates a voltage indicative of said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each said control circuitry is coupled to said control terminals of said at least a portion of said output drivers, wherein said control circuitry increasingly pulls said control terminals to a state that disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output.
 4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein: each of said plurality of buffer circuits includes a first inverter having an input coupled to said input terminal and an output coupled to a corresponding one of said output driver control terminals; each of said plurality of output drivers includes a first metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) device, said output driver control terminal comprising a gate terminal of said first MOS device; and each said control circuit includes a second inverter and a second MOS device, said second inverter including an input coupled to a terminal of said resistance and an output coupled to a gate terminal of said second MOS device, said second MOS device including a second terminal coupled to said supply and a third terminal coupled to a corresponding output driver gate terminal.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said plurality of output drivers and said sensing and control circuits include rising edge portions and falling edge portions.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said supply output comprises a positive supply output.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said supply output comprises a ground supply output.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said supply output comprises a positive supply output and a ground supply output.
 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: said plurality of output drivers include a plurality of rising edge output drivers and falling edge output drivers; said sensing circuitry includes rising edge sensing circuitry and falling edge sensing circuitry; and said control circuitry includes rising edge control circuitry and falling edge control circuitry.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein; each said rising edge output driver includes a first PMOS device, wherein said rising edge output driver control terminals are gate terminals of said first PMOS devices, and wherein said rising edge output driver second terminals are coupled to a positive supply output; said rising edge sensing circuit series-connected capacitances and resistances are coupled to said positive supply output; each said rising edge control circuit includes an inverter having an input coupled to an output of a corresponding rising edge sensing circuit, and a second PMOS device including a gate terminal coupled to an output of said rising edge control circuit inverter, a second terminal coupled to said positive supply output, and a third terminal coupled to a corresponding one of said rising edge output driver gate terminals; each said falling edge output driver includes a first NMOS device, wherein said falling edge output driver has first terminals coincident with gate terminals of said first NMOS devices, and wherein said falling edge output driver has second terminals coupled to a ground supply output; said falling edge sensing circuit series-connected capacitances and resistance are coupled to said ground supply output; and each said falling edge control circuit includes an inverter having an input coupled to an output of a corresponding falling edge sensing circuit, and a second NMOS device including a gate terminal coupled to an output of said falling edge control circuit inverter, a second terminal coupled to said ground supply output, and a third terminal coupled to a corresponding one of said falling edge output driver gate terminals.
 11. An apparatus for limiting supply bounce in an output circuit, wherein said output circuit includes an input terminal for receiving a waveform, an output terminal for outputting said waveform, a plurality of output drivers coupled to a supply output through supply lines, and buffer circuitry that control said plurality of output drivers to selectively couple said supply output to said output terminal in response to said input waveform, wherein switching circuits coupled to said supply lines interact with inductances of said supply lines to cause current changes in said supply lines that lead to voltage changes in said supply output, and wherein said voltage changes cause unwanted current flow between said supply output and said output terminal, said apparatus comprising: a plurality of sensing and control circuits coupled to said supply output and to a corresponding one of at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers, each said sensing and control circuit including sensing circuitry that senses voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output and control circuitry that increasingly disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output, thereby reducing said unwanted current in said supply lines to thereby compensate for said voltage changes in said supply output.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said each said sensing circuit comprises a series-connected capacitance and resistance coupled to said supply output, wherein said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output generate a current through said series-connected capacitance and resistance, whereby said current through said resistance generates a voltage indicative of said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 12, wherein each said control circuit is coupled to a control terminal of a corresponding one of said at least a portion of said output drivers, wherein said control circuit increasingly pulls said control terminals to a state that disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output, thereby reducing said unwanted current in said supply lines.
 14. A method for limiting supply bounce in an output circuit, wherein said output circuit includes an input terminal for receiving a waveform, an output terminal for outputting said waveform, and a plurality of output drivers coupled to one or more supply outputs through supply lines, wherein said output drivers selectively couple said one or more supply outputs to said output terminal in response to said input waveform to substantially reproduce said input waveform at said output waveform, and wherein switching circuits coupled to said supply lines interact with inductances of said supply lines, thereby causing current changes in said supply lines, which lead to undesirable voltage changes in said one or more supply outputs, comprising; (1) receiving said waveform; (2) selectively coupling said one or more supply outputs to said output terminal in response to said received waveform, using said plurality of output drivers; (3) sensing for voltage changes with respect to time at a first one of said supply outputs; (4) disabling at least a portion of a said plurality of output drivers when voltage changes with respect to time are sensed at said first one of said supply outputs, thereby reducing current in said supply lines to thereby compensate for said voltage changes.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said one or more supply outputs include positive voltage supply and a ground supply, wherein said output drivers comprise a plurality of PMOS device drivers coupled between said positive voltage supply and said output terminal, and a plurality of NMOS devices coupled between said ground supply and said output terminal.
 16. A method for limiting source bounce, comprising: (1) providing rising-edge and falling-edge output current drive to an output pad in response to a waveform received at an input pad, using a PMOS output driver and an NMOS output driver, respectively, wherein said PMOS output driver and said NMOS output driver are powered by first and second supplies, respectively; (2) sensing for transients at said first and second supplies; (3) disabling at least a portion of said PMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said first supply; and (4) disabling at least a portion of said NMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said second supply.
 17. An apparatus for limiting source bounce, comprising the steps of: means for providing rising-edge and falling-edge output current drive to an output pad in response to a waveform received at an input pad, using a PMOS output driver and an NMOS output driver, respectively, wherein said PMOS output driver and said NMOS output driver are powered by first and second supplies, respectively; means for sensing for transients at said first and second supplies; means for disabling at least a portion of said PMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said first supply; and means for disabling at least a portion of said NMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said second supply.
 18. An output circuit, comprising: an input terminal; an output terminal; a plurality of buffer circuits including inputs coupled to said input terminal; a plurality of output drivers, each output driver including; a PMOS and an NMOS coupled between a supply VDD and GND, a control terminal coupled to an output of a corresponding one of said buffer circuits, a second terminal coupled to said supply VDD, a third terminal coupled to said GND, and a fourth terminal coupled to said output terminal, wherein said plurality of output drivers selectively couple said supply VDD or GND to said output terminal under control of said plurality of buffer circuits; and a plurality of sensing and control circuits, each sensing and control circuit coupled to said supply VDD or GND and to a corresponding one of at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers, each sensing and control circuit including; sensing circuitry that senses voltage changes with respect to time at said supply VDD or GND, and control circuitry that increasingly disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output.
 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein each said sensing circuitry comprises a series-connected capacitance and resistance coupled to said supply VDD or GND, wherein said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply VDD or GND generate a current through said series-connected capacitance and resistance, and whereby said current through said resistance generates a voltage indicative of said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply VDD or GND.
 20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein each said control circuitry is coupled to said control terminals of said at least a portion of said output drivers, wherein said control circuitry increasingly pulls said control terminals to a state that disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply VDD or GND.
 21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein: each of said plurality of buffer circuits includes a first inverter having an input coupled to said input terminal and an output coupled to a corresponding one of said output driver control terminals; each of said plurality of output drivers includes a first metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) device, said output driver control terminal comprising a gate terminal of said first MOS device; and each said control circuit includes a second inverter and a second MOS device, said second inverter including an input coupled to a terminal of said resistance and an output coupled to a gate terminal of said second MOS device, said second MOS device including a second terminal coupled to said supply VDD or GND and a third terminal coupled to a corresponding output driver gate terminal.
 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said plurality of output drivers and said sensing and control circuits include rising edge portions and falling edge portions.
 23. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein said supply comprises a positive supply.
 24. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein said supply comprises a ground supply.
 25. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein said supply comprises a positive supply and a ground supply.
 26. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein: said plurality of output drivers include a plurality of rising edge output drivers and falling edge output drivers; said sensing circuitry includes rising edge sensing circuitry and falling edge sensing circuitry; and said control circuitry includes rising edge control circuitry and falling edge control circuitry.
 27. The apparatus according to claim 26, wherein; each said rising edge output driver includes a first PMOS device, wherein said rising edge output driver control terminals are gate terminals of said first PMOS devices, and wherein said rising edge output driver second terminals are coupled to a positive supply output; said rising edge sensing circuit series-connected capacitances and resistances are coupled to said positive supply output; each said rising edge control circuit includes an inverter having an input coupled to an output of a corresponding rising edge sensing circuit, and a second PMOS device including a gate terminal coupled to an output of said rising edge control circuit inverter, a second terminal coupled to a negative supply output, and a third terminal coupled to a corresponding one of said rising edge output driver gate terminals; each said falling edge output driver includes a first NMOS device, wherein said falling edge output driver has first terminals coincident with gate terminals of said first NMOS devices, and wherein said falling edge output driver has second terminals coupled to said negative supply output; said falling edge sensing circuit series-connected capacitances and resistance are coupled to said positive supply output; and each said falling edge control circuit includes an inverter having an input coupled to an output of a corresponding falling edge sensing circuit, and a second NMOS device including a gate terminal coupled to an output of said falling edge control circuit inverter, a second terminal coupled to said positive supply output, and a third terminal coupled to a corresponding one of said falling edge output driver gate terminals.
 28. An apparatus for limiting supply bounce in an output circuit, wherein said output circuit includes an input terminal for receiving a waveform, an output terminal for outputting said waveform, a plurality of output drivers coupled to a supply output through supply lines, and buffer circuitry that control said plurality of output drivers to selectively couple said supply output to said output terminal in response to said input waveform, wherein switching circuits coupled to said supply lines interact with inductances of said supply lines to cause current changes in said supply lines that lead to voltage changes in said supply output, and wherein said voltage changes cause unwanted current flow between said supply output and said output terminal, said apparatus comprising: a plurality of sensing and control circuits coupled to said supply output and to a corresponding one of at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers, each said sensing and control circuit including sensing circuitry that senses voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output and control circuitry that increasingly disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing or decreasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output, thereby reducing said unwanted current in said supply lines to thereby compensate for said voltage changes in said supply output.
 29. The apparatus according to claim 28, wherein said each said sensing circuit comprises a series-connected capacitance and resistance coupled to said supply output, wherein said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output generate a current through said series-connected capacitance and resistance, whereby said current through said resistance generates a voltage indicative of said voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output.
 30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein each said control circuit is coupled to a control terminal of a corresponding one of said at least a portion of said output drivers, wherein said control circuit increasingly pulls said control terminals to a state that disables said at least a portion of said plurality of output drivers with increasing voltage changes with respect to time at said supply output, thereby reducing said unwanted current in said supply lines.
 31. A method for limiting supply bounce in an output circuit, wherein said output circuit includes an input terminal for receiving a waveform, an output terminal for outputting said waveform, and a plurality of output drivers coupled to one or more supply outputs through supply lines, wherein said output drivers selectively couple said one or more supply outputs to said output terminal in response to said input waveform to substantially reproduce said input waveform at said output waveform, and wherein switching circuits coupled to said supply lines interact with inductances of said supply lines, thereby causing current changes in said supply lines, which lead to undesirable voltage changes in said one or more supply outputs, comprising; (1) receiving said waveform; (2) selectively coupling said one or more supply outputs to said output terminal in response to said received waveform, using said plurality of output drivers; (3) sensing for voltage changes with respect to time at a first one of said supply outputs; (4) disabling at least a portion of a said plurality of output drivers when voltage changes with respect to time are sensed at said first one of said supply outputs, thereby reducing current in said supply lines to thereby compensate for said voltage changes.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein said one or more supply outputs include positive voltage supply and a ground supply, wherein said output drivers comprise a plurality of PMOS device drivers coupled between said positive voltage supply and said output terminal, and a plurality of NMOS devices coupled between said ground supply and said output terminal.
 33. A method for limiting source bounce, comprising: (1) providing rising-edge and falling-edge output current drive to an output pad in response to a waveform received at an input pad, using a PMOS output driver and an NMOS output driver, respectively, wherein said PMOS output driver and said NMOS output driver are powered by first and second supplies, respectively; (2) sensing for transients at said first and second supplies; (3) disabling at least a portion of said PMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said second supply; and (4) disabling at least a portion of said NMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said first supply.
 34. An apparatus for limiting source bounce, comprising the steps of: means for providing rising-edge and falling-edge output current drive to an output pad in response to a waveform received at an input pad, using a PMOS output driver and an NMOS output driver, respectively, wherein said PMOS output driver and said NMOS output driver are powered by first and second supplies, respectively; means for sensing for transients at said first and second supplies; means for disabling at least a portion of said PMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said second supply; and means for disabling at least a portion of said NMOS output driver when a transient is sensed at said first supply. 